Julius Caesar

-100 – -44

Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman whose military and political career destroyed the Roman Republic and laid the institutional foundations for the imperial system that followed. His Gallic Wars from 58 to 50 BC killed an estimated million Gallic civilians and combatants by his own count and enslaved a similar number, and his 49 BC crossing of the Rubicon with his army initiated the civil war that ended the Republic. He had himself proclaimed dictator perpetuo in early 44 BC and was assassinated by senators in March of that year.

Last checked: May 10, 2026, 1:06 PM