Hosni Mubarak

1928 – 2020

Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak was an Egyptian military officer and politician who served as the 4th president of Egypt from 1981 until his February 2011 resignation amid the mass protests of the Egyptian Revolution. His three-decade rule was sustained by routine emergency-law detentions, torture in state security facilities, and electoral fraud, while Egypt remained one of the largest annual recipients of U.S. military aid. He was tried after his fall and convicted in 2012 of complicity in the killing of protesters during the revolution—a conviction later overturned on appeal.

Last checked: May 10, 2026, 1:06 PM