Calvin Coolidge

1872 – 1933

Calvin Coolidge was the 30th president of the United States, serving from 1923 to 1929 after the death of Warren G. Harding elevated him from the vice presidency. His presidency entrenched the laissez-faire economic philosophy summed up in his line that "the chief business of the American people is business," cutting taxes for the wealthy and refusing to intervene in the speculative excess that culminated in the 1929 stock market crash months after he left office. He signed the Indian Citizenship Act in 1924 and the Immigration Act of 1924, the latter setting strict national-origin quotas designed to bar virtually all Asian immigration.

Last checked: May 10, 2026, 1:06 PM